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R version 2.13.1 (2011-07-08)
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ISBN 3-900051-07-0
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> library(CHNOSZ)
CHNOSZ version 0.9-7 (2011-08-23)
thermo$obigt has 1800 aqueous, 2925 total species
> system.time(examples(do.png=TRUE))
CHNOSZ> ## Don't show:
CHNOSZ> data(thermo)
thermo$obigt has 1800 aqueous, 2925 total species
CHNOSZ> ## End Don't show
CHNOSZ>
CHNOSZ> ### Getting Started
CHNOSZ>
CHNOSZ> ## standard thermodynamic properties of species
CHNOSZ> subcrt("H2O")
subcrt: 1 species at 15 values of T and P (wet)
$species
name formula state ispecies
1 water H2O liq 1
$out
$out$water
T P rho logK G H S V Cp
1 0.01 1.000000 0.9998289 45.03529 -56289.50 -68767.75 15.13238 18.01828 18.20559
2 25.00 1.000000 0.9970614 41.55247 -56687.71 -68316.76 16.71228 18.06830 18.01160
3 50.00 1.000000 0.9880295 38.63281 -57123.89 -67866.54 18.16234 18.23346 18.00464
4 75.00 1.000000 0.9748643 36.15435 -57594.93 -67416.13 19.50485 18.47970 18.04163
5 100.00 1.013220 0.9583926 34.02698 -58098.40 -66963.78 20.75956 18.79731 18.15793
6 125.00 2.320144 0.9390726 32.18315 -58631.71 -66507.34 21.94192 19.18403 18.33334
7 150.00 4.757169 0.9170577 30.57178 -59193.26 -66045.55 23.06398 19.64456 18.56643
8 175.00 8.918049 0.8923427 29.15313 -59781.38 -65576.63 24.13602 20.18866 18.88296
9 200.00 15.536499 0.8647434 27.89596 -60394.50 -65097.99 25.16818 20.83300 19.32884
10 225.00 25.478603 0.8338733 26.77533 -61031.25 -64605.89 26.17117 21.60424 19.97039
11 250.00 39.736493 0.7990719 25.77115 -61690.35 -64095.00 27.15694 22.54515 20.91232
12 275.00 59.431251 0.7592362 24.86701 -62370.65 -63557.52 28.14000 23.72806 22.35126
13 300.00 85.837843 0.7124075 24.04945 -63071.13 -62980.94 29.14072 25.28777 24.73943
14 325.00 120.457572 0.6545772 23.30725 -63790.84 -62341.39 30.19520 27.52189 29.44748
15 350.00 165.211289 0.5746875 22.63103 -64528.89 -61575.58 31.39713 31.34782 43.59852
CHNOSZ> subcrt("alanine")
subcrt: 1 species at 15 values of T and P (wet)
$species
name formula state ispecies
1504 alanine C3H7NO2 aq 1504
$out
$out$alanine
T P rho logK G H S V Cp
1 0.01 1.000000 0.9998289 70.30240 -87870.78 -133143.0 36.59025 58.15163 13.35591
2 25.00 1.000000 0.9970614 65.09832 -88810.00 -132500.0 38.83000 60.44989 33.63547
3 50.00 1.000000 0.9880295 60.74360 -89817.71 -131567.5 41.83000 61.47819 39.95193
4 75.00 1.000000 0.9748643 57.06243 -90902.11 -130532.1 44.91490 62.00512 42.52415
5 100.00 1.013220 0.9583926 53.91911 -92062.64 -129453.2 47.90722 62.25878 43.62247
6 125.00 2.320144 0.9390726 51.20954 -93294.24 -128355.5 50.74951 62.31853 43.93543
7 150.00 4.757169 0.9170577 48.85487 -94593.11 -127255.5 53.42020 62.19875 43.66337
8 175.00 8.918049 0.8923427 46.79312 -95953.92 -126166.7 55.90616 61.87009 42.77390
9 200.00 15.536499 0.8647434 44.97516 -97370.83 -125105.3 58.19021 61.25002 41.02070
10 225.00 25.478603 0.8338733 43.36142 -98837.31 -124096.1 60.23970 60.16335 37.79811
11 250.00 39.736493 0.7990719 41.91942 -100345.70 -123184.4 61.98685 58.23514 31.65498
12 275.00 59.431251 0.7592362 40.62173 -101886.14 -122466.1 63.28058 54.58032 18.65083
13 300.00 85.837843 0.7124075 39.44393 -103444.11 -122181.7 63.73470 46.71705 -14.64596
14 325.00 120.457572 0.6545772 38.36121 -104992.85 -123133.0 62.06967 25.31938 -136.10771
15 350.00 165.211289 0.5746875 37.33653 -106459.36 -130048.2 50.83581 -73.97749 -1156.84047
CHNOSZ> # names of proteins have an underscore
CHNOSZ> subcrt("LYSC_CHICK")
protein: found LYSC_CHICK (C613H959N193O185S10, 129 residues)
subcrt: 1 species at 15 values of T and P (wet)
$species
name formula state ispecies
2926 LYSC_CHICK C613H959N193O185S10 aq 2926
$out
$out$LYSC_CHICK
T P rho logK G H S V Cp
1 0.01 1.000000 0.9998289 3286.749 -4108100 -10510350 3684.406 10049.21 4409.319
2 25.00 1.000000 0.9970614 3083.063 -4206050 -10369700 4175.860 10420.95 6415.518
3 50.00 1.000000 0.9880295 2919.759 -4317263 -10199867 4722.506 10600.23 7073.981
4 75.00 1.000000 0.9748643 2788.465 -4442106 -10018826 5261.992 10708.15 7376.581
5 100.00 1.013220 0.9583926 2682.511 -4580176 -9832092 5779.892 10782.93 7548.444
6 125.00 2.320144 0.9390726 2596.618 -4730554 -9641537 6273.262 10840.94 7665.198
7 150.00 4.757169 0.9170577 2526.937 -4892670 -9448098 6742.892 10891.15 7760.881
8 175.00 8.918049 0.8923427 2470.400 -5065799 -9251881 7190.897 10940.05 7856.945
9 200.00 15.536499 0.8647434 2424.600 -5249238 -9052464 7620.111 10994.29 7974.628
10 225.00 25.478603 0.8338733 2387.629 -5442322 -8848798 8034.140 11063.40 8146.453
11 250.00 39.736493 0.7990719 2357.970 -5644451 -8638774 8438.039 11165.02 8439.891
12 275.00 59.431251 0.7592362 2334.423 -5855127 -8417956 8840.380 11338.89 9030.924
13 300.00 85.837843 0.7124075 2316.077 -6074053 -8175407 9259.928 11694.88 10513.444
14 325.00 120.457572 0.6545772 2302.355 -6301438 -7875355 9754.686 12644.61 15882.325
15 350.00 165.211289 0.5746875 2293.455 -6539432 -7308661 10654.664 17027.35 60917.017
CHNOSZ> # custom temperature range
CHNOSZ> T <- seq(0,500,100)
CHNOSZ> subcrt("H2O",T=T,P=1000)
subcrt: 1 species at 6 values of T and P (wet)
$species
name formula state ispecies
1 water H2O liq 1
$out
$out$water
T P rho logK G H S V Cp
1 1e-02 1000 1.0453039 44.69896 -55869.12 -68357.26 15.09618 17.23441 16.83217
2 1e+02 1000 0.9997047 33.76984 -57659.35 -66636.81 20.45920 18.02052 17.39197
3 2e+02 1000 0.9237063 27.67746 -59921.46 -64877.46 24.63450 19.50317 17.82843
4 3e+02 1000 0.8232085 23.85604 -62563.91 -63049.14 28.13676 21.88413 18.90798
5 4e+02 1000 0.6925791 21.27795 -65538.85 -61056.82 31.33601 26.01176 21.14435
6 5e+02 1000 0.5282114 19.45590 -68829.13 -58794.93 34.46421 34.10604 23.92897
CHNOSZ> # temperature - pressure grid
CHNOSZ> P <- seq(1000,4000,1000)
CHNOSZ> subcrt("H2O",T=T,P=P,grid="P")
subcrt: 1 species at 24 values of T and P (wet)
$species
name formula state ispecies
1 water H2O liq 1
$out
$out$water
T P rho logK G H S V Cp
1 0 1000 1.0453039 44.70060 -55869.12 -68357.26 15.09618 17.23441 16.83217
2 100 1000 0.9997047 33.76984 -57659.35 -66636.81 20.45920 18.02052 17.39197
3 200 1000 0.9237063 27.67746 -59921.46 -64877.46 24.63450 19.50317 17.82843
4 300 1000 0.8232085 23.85604 -62563.91 -63049.14 28.13676 21.88413 18.90798
5 400 1000 0.6925791 21.27795 -65538.85 -61056.82 31.33601 26.01176 21.14435
6 500 1000 0.5282114 19.45590 -68829.13 -58794.93 34.46421 34.10604 23.92897
7 0 2000 1.0811283 44.37678 -55464.39 -67982.69 14.98576 16.66333 16.30348
8 100 2000 1.0334820 33.52187 -57235.96 -66308.09 20.20549 17.43156 16.91712
9 200 2000 0.9664077 27.46718 -59466.20 -64605.61 24.24685 18.64141 17.10929
10 300 2000 0.8856264 23.66428 -62061.00 -62879.52 27.55524 20.34176 17.48122
11 400 2000 0.7926555 21.09085 -64962.58 -61098.54 30.41795 22.72766 18.15935
12 500 2000 0.6911768 19.25955 -68134.50 -59252.24 32.97429 26.06453 18.69974
13 0 3000 1.1091248 44.06233 -55071.38 -67618.58 14.87997 16.24272 15.55743
14 100 3000 1.0624799 33.28130 -56825.20 -65981.48 19.97998 16.95580 16.59773
15 200 3000 1.0009181 27.26508 -59028.65 -64315.32 23.93563 17.99867 16.67637
16 300 3000 0.9308254 23.48365 -61587.30 -62644.80 27.13829 19.35400 16.77910
17 400 3000 0.8538773 20.92133 -64440.43 -60952.19 29.85969 21.09811 17.08586
18 500 3000 0.7728854 19.09379 -67548.09 -59230.72 32.24365 23.30902 17.30423
19 0 4000 1.1322377 43.75500 -54687.25 -67251.91 14.81606 15.91115 14.29720
20 100 4000 1.0879893 33.04680 -56424.82 -65657.47 19.77532 16.55825 16.36203
21 200 4000 1.0304204 27.06931 -58604.82 -64016.37 23.67170 17.48335 16.38994
22 300 4000 0.9673852 23.31074 -61133.84 -62381.24 26.80696 18.62257 16.34873
23 400 4000 0.9001040 20.76205 -63949.83 -60739.96 29.44616 20.01458 16.49248
24 500 4000 0.8304559 18.94215 -67011.63 -59083.92 31.73966 21.69315 16.60454
CHNOSZ> ## information about species
CHNOSZ> # query the database using formulas
CHNOSZ> info("C6H12O6")
info: C6H12O6 matches these species:
name abbrv formula state ref1
1770 glucose glucose C6H12O6 aq AP01
1771 mannose mannose C6H12O6 aq AP01
1772 galactose galactose C6H12O6 aq AP01
1773 fructose fructose C6H12O6 aq AP01
1774 sorbose sorbose C6H12O6 aq AP01
info: 1770 refers to glucose aq (AP01, 24.Aug.06)
CHNOSZ> info("SiO2")
info: SiO2 matches these species:
name abbrv formula state ref1
72 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 aq SHS89
1821 amorphous silica Amor-Sl SiO2 cr HDN+78
1856 chalcedony Cha SiO2 cr HDN+78
1870 coesite Cos SiO2 cr1 HDN+78
1871 coesite Cos SiO2 cr2 HDN+78
1877 cristobalite Crs SiO2 cr1 HDN+78
1878 cristobalite Crs SiO2 cr2 HDN+78
1879 cristobalite,alpha A-Crs SiO2 cr HDN+78
1880 cristobalite,beta B-Crs SiO2 cr HDN+78
2005 quartz Qtz SiO2 cr1 HDN+78
2006 quartz Qtz SiO2 cr2 HDN+78
info: 72 refers to SiO2 aq (SHS89, 13.Jan.89)
CHNOSZ> # query using names
CHNOSZ> info("quartz")
info: quartz (SiO2) available in cr1, cr2.
info: 2005 refers to quartz, SiO2 cr1 (HDN+78, 5.May.78)
CHNOSZ> si <- info(c("glucose","mannose"))
info: 1770 refers to glucose, C6H12O6 aq (AP01, 24.Aug.06)
info: 1771 refers to mannose, C6H12O6 aq (AP01, 24.Aug.06)
CHNOSZ> # show the equations of state parameters
CHNOSZ> info(si)
checkEOS: Cp of glucose aq differs by 1.31 from tabulated value
checkEOS: Cp of mannose aq differs by 1.46 from tabulated value
name abbrv formula state ref1 ref2 date G H S Cp V a1
1770 glucose glucose C6H12O6 aq AP01 <NA> 24.Aug.06 -218905.4 -301670.7 64.89006 86.75908 112.2 2.552581
1771 mannose mannose C6H12O6 aq AP01 <NA> 24.Aug.06 -217731.8 -300827.0 63.79063 81.26195 111.9 2.684034
a2 a3 a4 c1 c2 omega Z
1770 310.70746 12.380497 -48757.17 89.72275 -78871.89 -157743.8 0
1771 47.80115 1.720841 -27485.66 91.32409 -113049.71 -157743.8 0
CHNOSZ> # approximate matches for names or formulas
CHNOSZ> info("acid ")
info: no match for acid .
info: similar species names, abbreviations, or formulas are:
[1] "a-aminobutyric acid" "formic acid" "acetic acid" "propanoic acid"
[5] "n-butanoic acid" "n-pentanoic acid" "n-hexanoic acid" "n-heptanoic acid"
[9] "n-octanoic acid" "n-nonanoic acid" "n-decanoic acid" "n-undecanoic acid"
[13] "n-dodecanoic acid" "n-benzoic acid" "o-toluic acid" "m-toluic acid"
[17] "p-toluic acid" "oxalic acid" "malonic acid" "succinic acid"
[21] "glutaric acid" "adipic acid" "pimelic acid" "suberic acid"
[25] "azelaic acid" "sebacic acid" "glycolic acid" "lactic acid"
[29] "2-hydroxybutanoic acid" "2-hydroxypentanoic acid" "2-hydroxyhexanoic acid" "2-hydroxyheptanoic acid"
[33] "2-hydroxyoctanoic acid" "2-hydroxynonanoic acid" "2-hydroxydecanoic acid" "aspartic acid"
[37] "glutamic acid" "citric acid" "2-methylpropanoic acid" "phosphoric acid"
[41] "n-tridecanoic acid" "n-tetradecanoic acid" "n-pentadecanoic acid" "n-hexadecanoic acid"
[45] "n-heptadecanoic acid" "n-octadecanoic acid" "n-nonadecanoic acid" "n-eicosanoic acid"
[49] "hydrofluoric acid" "butanoic acid"
CHNOSZ> info("SiO2 ")
info: no match for SiO2 .
info: approximately matching species are:
name abbrv formula state
72 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 aq
1821 amorphous silica Amor-Sl SiO2 cr
1856 chalcedony Cha SiO2 cr
1870 coesite Cos SiO2 cr1
1871 coesite Cos SiO2 cr2
1877 cristobalite Crs SiO2 cr1
1878 cristobalite Crs SiO2 cr2
1879 cristobalite,alpha A-Crs SiO2 cr
1880 cristobalite,beta B-Crs SiO2 cr
2005 quartz Qtz SiO2 cr1
2006 quartz Qtz SiO2 cr2
CHNOSZ> ## standard thermodynamic properties of reactions
CHNOSZ> # fermentation example
CHNOSZ> info(c("fructose","ethanol"))
info: ethanol (C2H5OH) available in aq, liq, gas.
info: 1773 refers to fructose, C6H12O6 aq (AP01, 24.Aug.06)
info: 112 refers to ethanol, C2H5OH aq (SH90, 2.Sep.87)
CHNOSZ> subcrt(c("fructose","C2H5OH","CO2"),c(-1,2,2))
subcrt: 3 species at 15 values of T and P (wet)
$reaction
coeff name formula state ispecies
1773 -1 fructose C6H12O6 aq 1773
112 2 ethanol C2H5OH aq 112
69 2 CO2 CO2 aq 69
$out
T P rho logK G H S V Cp
1 0.01 1.000000 0.9998289 40.79714 -50992.24 -38436.07 45.93751 64.261634 223.33955
2 25.00 1.000000 0.9970614 38.37133 -52347.86 -34100.96 61.17400 65.523658 141.11965
3 50.00 1.000000 0.9880295 36.52677 -54009.82 -30966.84 71.28302 65.849077 113.53657
4 75.00 1.000000 0.9748643 35.08676 -55894.22 -28310.43 79.20700 65.719460 100.27915
5 100.00 1.013220 0.9583926 33.94576 -57959.72 -25911.74 85.86387 65.235001 92.11170
6 125.00 2.320144 0.9390726 33.03192 -60178.01 -23687.24 91.63104 64.350720 85.80120
7 150.00 4.757169 0.9170577 32.29489 -62529.57 -21612.47 96.67782 62.954445 79.69983
8 175.00 8.918049 0.8923427 31.69639 -64996.57 -19696.39 101.06504 60.811585 72.48989
9 200.00 15.536499 0.8647434 31.20643 -67561.65 -17981.84 104.77001 57.494249 62.49019
10 225.00 25.478603 0.8338733 30.80044 -70206.01 -16561.90 107.67084 52.191504 46.72387
11 250.00 39.736493 0.7990719 30.45682 -72906.80 -15626.11 109.47685 43.234586 18.67343
12 275.00 59.431251 0.7592362 30.15445 -75632.44 -15587.53 109.52666 26.741892 -38.93461
13 300.00 85.837843 0.7124075 29.86838 -78331.65 -17494.30 106.13186 -8.111717 -184.62838
14 325.00 120.457572 0.6545772 29.55875 -80900.91 -24837.55 93.71476 -101.929630 -713.79793
15 350.00 165.211289 0.5746875 29.12223 -83037.55 -58197.87 39.84884 -534.806956 -5155.86522
CHNOSZ> # weathering example -- also see transfer()
CHNOSZ> subcrt(c("k-feldspar","H2O","H+","kaolinite","K+","SiO2"),
CHNOSZ+ c(-2,-1,-2,1,2,4))
subcrt: 6 species at 15 values of T and P (wet)
$reaction
coeff name formula state ispecies
1944 -2 k-feldspar K(AlSi3)O8 cr 1944
1 -1 water H2O liq 1
3 -2 H+ H+ aq 3
1949 1 kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 cr 1949
6 2 K+ K+ aq 6
72 4 SiO2 SiO2 aq 72
$out
T P rho logK G H S V Cp
1 0.01 1.000000 0.9998289 -9.451752 11813.720 39338.20 101.03791 -44.457604 -941.315278
2 25.00 1.000000 0.9970614 -7.360641 10041.711 24831.76 49.85772 -54.016898 -349.644468
3 50.00 1.000000 0.9880295 -6.136706 9073.958 18785.95 30.28633 -59.012390 -163.137848
4 75.00 1.000000 0.9748643 -5.298797 8441.137 15826.67 21.42919 -62.445955 -83.294427
5 100.00 1.013220 0.9583926 -4.665077 7965.252 14289.69 17.14977 -65.298841 -41.028284
6 125.00 2.320144 0.9390726 -4.151839 7563.877 13502.60 15.09488 -67.968446 -2.087963
7 150.00 4.757169 0.9170577 -3.717503 7197.853 13180.78 14.29127 -70.461110 86.361975
8 175.00 8.918049 0.8923427 -3.339037 6847.025 13315.61 14.55147 -72.057519 343.913588
9 200.00 15.536499 0.8647434 -3.003487 6502.522 14253.61 16.45367 -70.995992 1032.580832
10 225.00 25.478603 0.8338733 -2.704162 6163.823 16983.21 21.73091 -64.522565 2718.729066
11 250.00 39.736493 0.7990719 -2.439021 5838.469 23875.28 34.41154 -46.421202 6703.095916
12 275.00 59.431251 0.7592362 -2.210199 5543.551 40732.66 64.03183 3.915066 16414.453823
13 300.00 85.837843 0.7124075 -2.025097 5310.940 83790.36 136.63917 167.684049 43147.645492
14 325.00 120.457572 0.6545772 -1.903001 5208.424 212781.85 346.58686 838.184188 140794.870272
15 350.00 165.211289 0.5746875 -1.911364 5449.958 826582.32 1317.08804 5358.265184 878251.837630
CHNOSZ> # partial reaction auto-completion is possible
CHNOSZ> basis(c("SiO2","H2O","K+","H+","O2"))
H K O Si Z ispecies logact state
SiO2 0 0 2 1 0 72 0 aq
H2O 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 liq
K+ 0 1 0 0 1 6 0 aq
H+ 1 0 0 0 1 3 0 aq
O2 0 0 2 0 0 2691 0 gas
CHNOSZ> subcrt(c("k-feldspar","kaolinite"),c(-2,1))
subcrt: 2 species at 15 values of T and P
subcrt: reaction is not balanced; it is missing this composition:
K O Si H
2 7 4 -4
subcrt: adding missing composition from basis definition and restarting...
subcrt: 6 species at 15 values of T and P (wet)
$reaction
coeff name formula state ispecies
1944 -2 k-feldspar K(AlSi3)O8 cr 1944
1949 1 kaolinite Al2Si2O5(OH)4 cr 1949
72 4 SiO2 SiO2 aq 72
1 -1 water H2O liq 1
6 2 K+ K+ aq 6
3 -2 H+ H+ aq 3
$out
T P logK G H S V Cp
1 0.01 1.000000 -9.451752 11813.720 39338.20 101.03791 -44.457604 -941.315278
2 25.00 1.000000 -7.360641 10041.711 24831.76 49.85772 -54.016898 -349.644468
3 50.00 1.000000 -6.136706 9073.958 18785.95 30.28633 -59.012390 -163.137848
4 75.00 1.000000 -5.298797 8441.137 15826.67 21.42919 -62.445955 -83.294427
5 100.00 1.013220 -4.665077 7965.252 14289.69 17.14977 -65.298841 -41.028284
6 125.00 2.320144 -4.151839 7563.877 13502.60 15.09488 -67.968446 -2.087963
7 150.00 4.757169 -3.717503 7197.853 13180.78 14.29127 -70.461110 86.361975
8 175.00 8.918049 -3.339037 6847.025 13315.61 14.55147 -72.057519 343.913588
9 200.00 15.536499 -3.003487 6502.522 14253.61 16.45367 -70.995992 1032.580832
10 225.00 25.478603 -2.704162 6163.823 16983.21 21.73091 -64.522565 2718.729066
11 250.00 39.736493 -2.439021 5838.469 23875.28 34.41154 -46.421202 6703.095916
12 275.00 59.431251 -2.210199 5543.551 40732.66 64.03183 3.915066 16414.453823
13 300.00 85.837843 -2.025097 5310.940 83790.36 136.63917 167.684049 43147.645492
14 325.00 120.457572 -1.903001 5208.424 212781.85 346.58686 838.184188 140794.870272
15 350.00 165.211289 -1.911364 5449.958 826582.32 1317.08804 5358.265184 878251.837630
CHNOSZ> ## chemical affinities
CHNOSZ> # basis species
CHNOSZ> basis(c("CO2","H2O","O2"))
basis: changed basis to CO2 H2O O2.
C H O ispecies logact state
CO2 1 0 2 69 0 aq
H2O 0 2 1 1 0 liq
O2 0 0 2 2691 0 gas
CHNOSZ> # species of interest
CHNOSZ> species(c("CH4","C2H4O2","CO2"))
CO2 H2O O2 ispecies logact state name
1 1 2 -2 80 -3 aq methane
2 2 2 -2 515 -3 aq acetic acid
3 1 0 0 69 -3 aq CO2
CHNOSZ> # chemical affinities of formation reactions
CHNOSZ> # take off $values for complete output
CHNOSZ> affinity()$values
affinity: temperature is 25 C
energy.args: pressure is Psat
subcrt: 6 species at 298.15 K and 1 bar (wet)
$`80`
[1] -141.6892
$`515`
[1] -145.885
$`69`
[1] 3
CHNOSZ> affinity(O2=c(-90,-60,5))$values
affinity: temperature is 25 C
energy.args: pressure is Psat
energy.args: variable 1 is O2 at 5 increments from -90 to -60
subcrt: 6 species at 298.15 K and 1 bar (wet)
$`80`
[1] 38.310773 23.310773 8.310773 -6.689227 -21.689227
$`515`
[1] 34.115043 19.115043 4.115043 -10.884957 -25.884957
$`69`
[1] 3 3 3 3 3
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